Wired

As a home inspector I have always been intrigued by the classic homes I have inspected over the years for many reasons. The detailed craftsmanship of course, but that's not the main reason. The main reason is the fact that inspecting older stock homes, you get to see the evolution of building practices from materials used and the advancement of mechanical devices.
One of the biggest advancements has been the technology that has been made possible by electricity. Think about the impact electricity has made in industry, not to mention our daily lives.
When I sit here on the computer in the nice cool air-conditioned office, or when I just fire up my Strat to relax, this was all made possible through electricity.
It is probably not normal to think about electricity, but just for fun as you go through your normal day think about what part of that day was not impacted by electricity. The plant that processed and packaged what you have for breakfast, the plant that made the car you drive to the place you work that use computers copiers telephones, are all make possible because of one thing, that's right, electricity.
Since I am on the electricity subject, I thought I would share these photos of vintage electrical devices that were sent to me.

Inspecting Househole Wiring

Inspecting Household Wiring is a very important part of a home inspection, but what things are included in a home inspection?
To answer that question here are some of the things that are included in the electrical portion of a home inspection:
1-Check for open splicing (wires connected outside of a junction box)
2-Check junction boxes for covers and open knock-outs
3-Look for knob and tube wiring
4-Test outlets for open grounding and reverse polarity
5-Check for GFCI protected outlets in kitchens, baths, and exterior receptacles
6-Check for cover plates on all receptacles
7- Check to make sure that all electrical devices are securely mounted

Understanding Interrupters
The term “interrupter” refers to fusses, breakers, GFCIs, or any other device that is designed to interrupt the electricity traveling thought a circuit. Here is a list of some of the circuit interrupts and their use.
Main Breakers
Interrupts circuit to protect equipment (not people)
Must not exceed wire capacity or equipment load

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI)
GFCIs are designed to reduce the chance of serious shock to people
Three types of GFCIs are:
Receptacle type
Circuit Breakers
Portable Devices
Arc Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCI)
AFCIs are designed to reduce fire hazards
New Electrical code effective 01/01/02’ will require AFCI circuits in bedroom circuits on all new homes


It is a good idea to have your electrical system evaluated when having other electrical work done. It does not take a qualified electrician long to evaluate the safety of your electrical system, it’s worth it!

What Can Spark an Inerest for a Home Inspection?

I receive a lot of questions concerning safety, related to electrical wiring. Theses questions are a concern, since according to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, problems in home wiring, are associated with more than 40,000 home fires each year. These fires claim over 350 lives and injure 1,400 victims annually.
The following is a summery of the history of electrical wiring:
Electrical dates of interest
1886–First residential use of AC current (Great Barrington, MA)
1890-First Residential electric lights introduced
1897-National Electrical Code established
1900–early 1930’s–Knob and Tube wiring used
1930’s-Wide use of armored cable (BX)
1940’s-Increased use of non-metallic cable (two wire romex)
Early 50’s-early 60’s-Introduction of rag romex (still two wire)
Early 60’s NEC codes changed to the use of the three slot outlets
1962-1973- Single strand aluminum wiring used in 15/20 amp circuits
1973-GFCI’s introduced for exterior receptacles
1975- Code mandate for GFCI’s in bathrooms of new construction
1974 or 75-Edison based fuses prohibited for installation unless they were equipped with type S fuses
1978-GFCI’s mandated for garages in new construction
1987-Code revised to include GFCI’s in kitchens and one in a basement
1990-Code revised to require GFCI’s in crawlspaces.

The term “out dated equipment” is often used to describe some of the following electrical issues:

Sixty amp Service Panels
Not adequate for today's household electrical demands
More and more Insurance providers are denying homeowners insurance on houses with less than one hundred amp service

Open ground wiring (Two wire wiring)
More likely to be a shock hazard
With two wire systems it is even more important for GFCI’s to be installed in the suggested places

Knob and Tube Wiring
Problems

The newest (original) Knob and tube wiring is around 70 years old
It is a greater fire hazard
It is a greater electrocution hazard
It is obsolete to modern use standards
More and more Insurance providers are denying homeowner’s insurance on houses with knob and tube wiring
It is an open air wire, and not designed to be covered with insulation
In most cases the insulation is brittle and damaged (from age)
More likely to have improper splicing

This May Come as a Shock to You

Electricity has been in homes just a little over a hundred years, it's birth was around the same as aviation and look how much aviation has advanced. Electricity has come a long way from it's humble beginning's in New York at Thomas Edison's Pearl Street Station. The Pearl Street Station plant was opened in 1882, and supplied power to about 80 people in lower Manhattan. This plant could supply a limited amount of power to homes for lighting in about a one square mile radios. The Plants limitations was mainly due to the fact it produced DC current (Direct Current). The big change came with the invention of AC current (alternating current). In 1895 George Westinghouse opened the first AC producing power plant in Niagara Falls. Since this plant was producing AC current it could deliver power to homes two hundred miles away.

The popularity of Electricity grew slowly, many people were afraid of bringing electricity in to their homes. Many critics said that electricity would never catch on. How funny, they said the same thing about Aviation. In the early 1920's almost forty years after electricity had been introduced, only two percent of the energy produced in the US was for electricity. The demand for power increased much faster after the 1940's, now over forty percent of the energy produced in the US is used for electricity and that number is still climbing.

Home Inspector's Schocking Discovery

Okay, maybe that was a bad play on words, but if these inexpensive safety issues are not corrected, somebody may get the shock of there life.
Moving on.
These pictures are some examples of reported safety issues concerning the electrical system. In this case the cost to correct the issue is very low. The most common safety issues with the electric system are usually not expensive repairs. They include Open-spliced wires (wires that are not spliced in a closed junction box), missing switch covers, missing plug covers, and double taped breakers(more than one circuit on a breaker).



Now on the other hand some older homes that still have the original wiring (Knob & Tube) in use, may not be up to today's safety standards and may have to be re-wired. In this case it is likely this will cost over a thousand dollars and is considered a major defect.
Above are some pictures of Knob & Tube wiring:

"What does a Home Inspector Look for Anyway?"

In the thirty six years I have been in this business, I have heard the question "We had a home inspection on our house before we bought it, but now the ice maker does not work. What does a home inspector look for on an inspection anyway?"
Professional Home Inspectors follow a Standard of Practice and a Code of Ethics that have been established by National organizations such as The HomeTeam Inspection Service Inc., ASHI, NAHI, and many others. But to boil it down the practice is:
A visual inspection of the condition of the house at the time of the inspection and to inspect for visual major defects, safety issues, and maintenance issues. A major visual defect is described as a single issue that has to be resolved to allow the normal safe function of the house, that will cost a thousand dollars or more to correct. Safety issues generally cost under a thousand dollars to correct. A large amount of safety issues found, involve the home's electrical system and usually not costly to repair. The last thing is maintenance issues. Not all maintenance issues are required to be on the report. However maintenance issue that will cause a major defect or a safety issue if not corrected in a timely manner, shall be written in the report.

Ask questions when you are hiring a home inspector, so you will know what to expect from your home inspection.

I will post some pictures tomorrow of some reported issues.

Water Concerns in Nashville

Water intrusion and water damage are the number one cause of major defects in homes, and something a Home Inspector is very aware of. During a normal whole house inspection a professional home inspector will inspect for any conditions that may have or will cause water damage. However, a visual inspection will not determine water or water damage hidden in the walls. If a home inspector finds conditions that are favorable for intrusion into hidden areas it will be noted in the walk through or on the written report. There are additional inspections available that can determine the condition of interior walls. Water intrusion can also cause the growth of mold. The presents of mold can not always be found in a normal home inspection, but if conditions are found that are favorable for mold growth a separate mold inspection is recommended.
In the case of the Nashville house the non-standard roofing is evidence of favorable conditions for water intrusion. Here are some pictures from Nashville: